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Copper and zinc metabolism
Zinc could be pro inflammatory too, i.e. increasing symptoms.
I got this message offline from Sarabeth:
When I first began taking zinc years ago, I was told to never take it in the morning, and never on an empty stomach. (Also, to always take a teeny bit of selenium with it, but not sure if that applies to you.) Anyway, one time I forgot, and took it in the morning: within minutes I thought I would vomit, and it took all morning for my stomach to feel normal again. I have no idea why this would be. I never had the issue again because I ALWAYS took it at lunch or dinner after that. Once it happened to my son when he had his supps in the morning. I’d try again after you recover. 😘 Don’t think of it as a bad reaction to zinc, just a bad time of day to take it!
Copper in microbial pathogenesis: meddling with the metal
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285254/
Macrophages and the use of Cu as an anti-microbial weapon
Phagocytes such as macrophages represent one of the first lines of defense against invading microbial pathogens. The uptake of microbes results in a cascade of events including the production of microbiocidal compounds and the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators by the phagocyte. Within the lumen of the phagolysosome microbes are presented with a host of insults including an acidic pH, the generation of nitric oxide (•NO), a bevy of hydrolytic enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion (•O2−) [reviewed in (Nathan and Shiloh, 2000; Shiloh and Nathan, 2000)] (Fig. 1).
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More recently, several reports provide compelling evidence that Cu also plays a role in antimicrobial activity. X-ray microprobe analysis demonstrated that, while some elements exhibit a decreased abundance in the phagosome of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treated macrophages, Cu levels increase dramatically in the presence of mycobacteria (Wagner et al., 2005).
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How does copper kill?
In phagocytic cells, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is generated by the disproportionation of •O2− produced by a membrane bound NADPH oxidase. As redox-active metals, Cu and Fe engage in chemical reactions with H2O2 that lead to the generation of the highly toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH) and hydroxyl anion (OH−):
Cu+ + H2O2 → Cu2+ + •OH + OH−
These radicals can damage lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, leading to cell death (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1985).
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Consistent with this hypothesis, the bacteriocidal activity of Cu added to a macrophage-like cell line (RAW264.7) is enhanced by H2O2 (White et al., 2009). However, other studies suggest alternative mechanisms of Cu toxicity. Imlay and co-workers first observed that Cu toxicity in E. coli does not involve oxidative DNA damage, even in the presence of exogenously added H2O2 (Macomber et al., 2007). Curiously, they also showed that Cu could suppress Fe-mediated oxidative damage to DNA in E. coli for reasons that are unclear. A follow up study proposed an alternative mechanism of Cu toxicity to bacteria. Macomber and Imlay observed that Cu blocks branched-chain amino acids synthesis and hypothesized that dehydratases involved in branched-chain amino acids biosynthetic pathways are the primary targets of Cu, which could displace Fe atoms from dehydratase Fe-S clusters. Supporting this hypothesis, it was demonstrated that the addition of branched-chain amino acids to E. coli cultures restores bacterial growth impeded by Cu treatment (Macomber and Imlay, 2009). The observation that silver (Ag) has potent and clinically useful antimicrobial activity is also interesting in this regard. Ag is a redox inert metal that is electronically similar to Cu+, but not Cu2+, and its thiophilic nature would also predict an ability to displace Fe from Fe-S clusters. This suggests that Ag is antimicrobial due to its ability to inactivate Fe-S clusters, rather than via redox cycling.
Quote from lil chick on June 14, 2021, 2:15 pmHi Guys, @jiri, @rockarolla I took half a pill for two days (which would make it about 25mg each, as the pills are 50 mg). I literally felt my stomach cramp up when the pill hit the stomach at breakfast this morning. Then it worked it's way through to explosive runs and cramps.
Stomach pain from taking zinc is normal.. Take it at night and AFTER the meal...